I did this clearly at my own jeopardy and I am prepared to answer to all the consequences of this decision". As written by Lansdale in a 1961 memorandum: "We (the U.S.) must support Ngo Dinh Diem until another strong executive can replace him legally."[19]. The Faculty Council later passed a resolution condemning the government's interrogation of scholars on the grounds that "an unlimited right of grand juries to ask any question and to expose a witness to citations for contempt could easily threaten scholarly research". Publication was enjoined around 1 a.m. on June 19, but that day's edition was already being printed, so it did contain information about the Papers. This is the first story the Post published drawn from the Pentagon Papers. Publishing the Pentagon Papers not only increased the Washington Post's national standing, but it also let the newsroom know that their publisher believed in freedom of the press enough to put everything at stake. This is the same thing that's been going on over the last two-and-a-half years of this administration. 1971 | Supreme Court Allows Publication of Pentagon Papers. [1][2] A 1996 article in The New York Times said that the Pentagon Papers had demonstrated, among other things, that the Johnson Administration had "systematically lied, not only to the public but also to Congress. Ellsberg approached Nixon's National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger, Senators William Fulbright and George McGovern, and others, but none … This commitment would come in handy when reporters at the paper began looking into a break-in at the Watergate office complex, the beginning of an investigation that would bring down Richard Nixon's presidency (ironically, this break-in was conducted by a group of "plumbers" that Nixon had wanted to prevent leaks like the Pentagon Papers). [10] Motives aside, McNamara neglected to inform either President Lyndon Johnson or Secretary of State Dean Rusk about the study. Halperin, who had originally classified the study as secret, obtained most of the unpublished portions under the Freedom of Information Act and the University of Texas published them in 1983. In the middle of a heartfelt toast, she had to stop and take a phone call for an emergency consultation about whether or not to publish. These Papers, released as the Vietnam War continued, revealed how prevalent deception had been throughout the history of the United States' engagement with that country. As the case wound its way through the court system, the government argued that national security and diplomatic relations had been put at risk by publication (though reporters were able to show that much of the information the government objected to was already public). After a deal went sour, the automotive brands went head-to-head at Le Mans in 1966. He had worked as an aide to McNaughton from 1964 to 1965, had worked on the study for several months in 1967, and Gelb and Halperin approved his access to the work at RAND in 1969. The Justice Department soon warned the paper that it had violated the Espionage Act and risked U.S. defense interests. [11], The Pentagon Papers revealed that the United States had expanded its war with the bombing of Cambodia and Laos, coastal raids on North Vietnam, and Marine Corps attacks, none of which had been reported by the American media. And paramount among the responsibilities of a free press is the duty to prevent any part of the government from deceiving the people and sending them off to distant lands to die of foreign fevers and foreign shot and shell. [4][5], In June 2011, the documents forming the Pentagon Papers were declassified and publicly released. In another example, a memo from the Defense Department under the Johnson Administration listed the reasons for American persistence: Another controversy was that President Johnson sent combat troops to Vietnam by July 17, 1965,[citation needed] before pretending to consult his advisors on July 21–27, per the cable stating that "Deputy Secretary of Defense Cyrus Vance informs McNamara that President had approved 34 Battalion Plan and will try to push through reserve call-up. Judge Murray Gurfein declined to issue such an injunction, writing that "[t]he security of the Nation is not at the ramparts alone. When Graham asked Washington Post Company Chairman Fritz Beebe, an attorney and trusted adviser, whether he would publish, he answered, "I guess I wouldn’t." You know, we get involved in these wars and we don't know a damn thing about those countries, the culture, the history, the politics, people on top and even down below. Secrecy was maintained, however, with some proceedings held in rooms with blacked-out windows. Editorial head Phil Geyelin told Graham, "There’s more than one way to destroy a newspaper," meaning that the paper's morale would be devastated by not publishing. Like the Times, the Post refused to stop publication, so the government proceeded to court. Ellsberg and Russo were freed due to the mistrial; they were not acquitted of violating the Espionage Act. Category 2 – Cross-border raids on major Viet Cong supply centers, conducted by South Vietnamese units and US military advisors. The nine justices wrote nine opinions disagreeing on significant, substantive matters. Before publication, The New York Times sought legal advice. President Johnson had been outspoken against doing so during the election and claimed that his opponent Barry Goldwater was the one that wanted to bomb North Vietnam.[29]. But it wasn't until June 13, 1971, that they were introduced to the Pentagon Papers (the name given to the top-secret report United States-Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967, which Daniel Ellsberg had surreptitiously photocopied and passed to Times reporter Neil Sheehan). As a national writer for the Times based in Washington, Sheehan was the first to obtain the Pentagon Papers, a massive history of U.S. involvement in … Getting scooped by the Times stung Bradlee: He demanded his team come up with their own set of the Papers while swallowing his pride to have the Post produce articles based upon their rival's reporting. The Director of Central Intelligence, John A. McCone, proposed the following categories of military action: However, McCone did not believe these military actions alone could lead to an escalation of the situation because the "fear of escalation would probably restrain the Communists". Later, Ellsberg said the documents "demonstrated unconstitutional behavior by a succession of presidents, the violation of their oath and the violation of the oath of every one of their subordinates. The Post, a new movie out last week from director Steven Spielberg starring Meryl Streep and Tom Hanks, tells the story of The Washington Post's battles, both internal and external, to publish the highly controversial Pentagon Papers.The movie was been widely acclaimed and hailed as timely during the current political climate. Thus, as the nine-year rule of Diem came to a bloody end, our complicity in his overthrow heightened our responsibilities and our commitment in an essentially leaderless Vietnam. The study itself remained formally classified until 2011. Barely a month after the Gulf of Tonkin incident on August 2, 1964, National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy warned that further provocations should not be undertaken until October, when the government of South Vietnam (GVN) would become fully prepared for a full-scale war against North Vietnam. When the Pentagon Papers were published by the newspapers in 1971, former President Lyndon B. Johnson and former Secretary of State Dean Rusk—who were not informed about the project—speculated that the intention had been to provide political ammunition for McNamara’s friend, Robert F. Kennedy, who challenged Johnson for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1968. [43] There were still eleven words that the agencies having classification control over the material wanted to redact, and the NDC worked with them, successfully, to prevent that redaction. Without U.S. aid in the years following, the Diem regime certainly, and an independent South Vietnam almost as certainly, could not have survived. [34], Gelb estimated that The New York Times only published about five percent of the study's 7,000 pages. [29] He was indicted by a grand jury in Los Angeles on charges of stealing and holding secret documents. The Pentagon’s hopes of staying out of the political crossfire were complicated by sharp statements from former Defense Secretaries James N. Mattis … [11][25] Street protests, political controversy, and lawsuits followed. The Pentagon Papers report, which had been commissioned by former Defense Secretary Robert McNamara, covered events from the presidencies of Harry Truman to Lyndon Johnson. Graham wondered if it was possible to delay publication, given how much was at risk, but Bradlee and other staff made it clear that the newsroom would object to any delay. These are wars that depend on knowledge of who the people are, with the culture is like. [40][41] The release date included the Nixon, Kennedy, and Johnson Libraries and the Archives office in College Park, Maryland. [43] It is unknown which 11 words were at issue and the government has declined requests to identify them, but the issue was made moot when it was pointed out that those words had already been made public, in a version of the documents released by the House Armed Services Committee in 1972. [8] McNamara claimed that he wanted to leave a written record for historians, to prevent policy errors in future administrations,[9] although Les Gelb, then director of Policy Planning at the Pentagon, has said that the notion that they were commissioned as a "cautionary tale" is a motive that McNamara only used in retrospect. In addition, the prospectus had stated that what the Post published was for the national good; sharing national secrets might be considered an abrogation of those terms. [20] According to The New York Times, this U.S. representative was later identified to be CIA officer Lucien Conein.[21]. The papers were released by Daniel Ellsberg, who had worked on the study; they were first brought to the attention of the public on the front page of The New York Times in 1971. [8] The analysts largely used existing files in the Office of the Secretary of Defense. That day, Assistant U.S. Attorney General William Rehnquist asked The Washington Post to cease publication. After the paper refused, Rehnquist sought an injunction in U.S. district court. New York (CNN Business)The Washington Post's publication of US government papers about the 18-year-long Afghan war is being compared to the Vietnam-era Pentagon Papers. On June 30, the Supreme Court issued a 6-3 decision that supported the papers' right to publish, a victory for freedom of the press. "[38], In 1988, when that cable was declassified, it revealed "there was a continuing uncertainty as to [Johnson's] final decision, which would have to await Secretary McNamara's recommendation and the views of Congressional leaders, particularly the views of Senator [Richard] Russell. [6][7], Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara created the Vietnam Study Task Force on June 17, 1967, for the purpose of writing an "encyclopedic history of the Vietnam War". [26] A federal grand jury was subsequently empaneled to investigate possible violations of federal law in the release of the report. And look, because we'd never learned that darn lesson about believing our way into these wars, we went into Afghanistan and we went into Iraq... [30], On June 18, 1971, The Washington Post began publishing its own series of articles based upon the Pentagon Papers;[11] Ellsberg had given portions to The Washington Post reporter Ben Bagdikian. ("Sensitive" is not an official security designation; it meant that access to the study should be controlled.) [14], Daniel Ellsberg knew the leaders of the task force well. Sections and supplements are laid out just as in the print edition, but complemented by a variety of digital tools which enhance the printed newspaper's look and feel. [11][12] which he later denied, though admitting that he should have informed Johnson and Rusk. 2, Chapter 4, "The Overthrow of Ngo Dinh Diem, May-November, 1963, "Lucien Conein, 79, Legendary Cold War Spy", "Probable Communist Reactions to Certain US or US-Sponsored Courses of Action in Vietnam and Laos", "Introduction to the Court Opinion on The New York Times Co. v. United States Case", "New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 (1971)", "NEW YORK TIMES CO. v. UNITED STATES, 403 U.S. 713 (1971)", "Popkin Faces Jail Sentence In Contempt of Court Case", "Paper Prepared by the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs (McNaughton)", "Pentagon Papers to be Officially Released", "Pentagon Papers to be declassified at last", "Pentagon Papers released: How they did it", "Nixon Tapes & Supreme Court Oral Arguments", "The Most Dangerous Man in America: New Documentary Chronicles How Leak of the, Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War, April 15, 1967 Anti-Vietnam war demonstrations, 1968 Democratic National Convention protest activity, Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, Fifth Avenue Vietnam Peace Parade Committee, National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pentagon_Papers&oldid=1013056469, Presidential scandals in the United States, Works originally published in The New York Times, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Criminal charges would also mean the possibility of losing television station licenses worth about $100 million. But Henry Kissinger convinced the president that not opposing the publication set a negative precedent for future secrets. Leonard Rodberg, a Gravel aide, was subpoenaed to testify about his role in obtaining and arranging for publication of the Pentagon Papers. Senator Birch Bayh, who thought the publishing of the Pentagon Papers was justified, said: The existence of these documents, and the fact that they said one thing and the people were led to believe something else, is a reason we have a credibility gap today, the reason people don't believe the government. The paper's regular outside counsel, Lord Day & Lord, advised against publication,[11] but in-house counsel James Goodale prevailed with his argument that the press had a First Amendment right to publish information significant to the people's understanding of their government's policy. We maintained clandestine contact with them throughout the planning and execution of the coup and sought to review their operational plans and proposed new government. When the paper refused to stop publishing, the government obtained a court order to bar further publication on June 15. And attorneys pointed out that the Post could be accused of violating the court order that had been issued against the Times, so their paper's legal jeopardy was potentially even higher than what the Times had initially faced. [22] In a memorandum addressed to President Johnson on July 28, 1964, McCone explained: In response to the first or second categories of action, local Communist military forces in the areas of actual attack would react vigorously, but we believe that none of the Communist powers involved would respond with major military moves designed to change the nature of the conflict ... The National Security Archive published the remaining portions in 2002. The lawyers who represented The Times before the Supreme Court in the 1971 Pentagon Papers case included James Goodale, second from right. [30] Fifteen other newspapers received copies of the study and began publishing it.[11]. For his disclosure of the Pentagon Papers, Ellsberg was initially charged with conspiracy, espionage, and theft of government property; charges were later dismissed, after prosecutors investigating the Watergate scandal discovered that the staff members in the Nixon White House had ordered the so-called White House Plumbers to engage in unlawful efforts to discredit Ellsberg. The study was dubbed The Pentagon Papers during the resulting media publicity. The Washington Post picked up the cause on June 18 and began publishing excerpts from the Pentagon Papers. [44], The Archives released each volume of the Pentagon Papers as a separate PDF file,[43] available on their website. Nearly four decades ago, the Washington Post found itself faced with the sort of agonizing decision that can define a reputation. The study consisted of 3,000 pages of historical analysis and 4,000 pages of original government documents in 47 volumes, and was classified as "Top Secret – Sensitive". McNamara told others, such as Dean Rusk, that he only asked for a collection of documents rather than the studies he received. Years before the Gulf of Tonkin incident occurred on August 2, 1964, the U.S. government was indirectly involved in Vietnam's affairs by sending advisors or (military personnel) to train the South Vietnamese soldiers: In a section of the Pentagon Papers titled "Kennedy Commitments and Programs", America's commitment to South Vietnam was attributed to the creation of the country by the United States. For example, the Eisenhower administration actively worked against the Geneva Accords. [45], United States government-created history of the United States' involvement with Vietnam, This article is about the U.S. Government documents. [11] Now opposing the war, Ellsberg and his friend Anthony Russo[24] photocopied the study in October 1969 intending to disclose it. [8] Thirty-six analysts—half of them active-duty military officers, the rest academics and civilian federal employees—worked on the study. Only a free and unrestrained press can effectively expose deception in government. NOT – To help a friend, although it would be hard to stay in if asked out. Let’s publish.". And, my heavens, these are not wars like World War II and World War I, where you have battalions fighting battalions. There is a difference between what the President says and what the government actually does, and I have confidence that they are going to make the right decision, if they have all the facts.[29]. "[27] He added that he leaked the Papers to end what he perceived to be "a wrongful war".[27]. Based on the real case of an accused murderer and a disgraced journalist, 'True Story' reveals that "telling the truth" can be a slippery concept. [11] The administration argued Ellsberg and Russo were guilty of a felony under the Espionage Act of 1917, because they had no authority to publish classified documents. The Supreme Court decided to hear the Post and Times cases together on June 26. Dr. Bennet Omalu and his battle to raise awareness about CTE is the inspiration behind the 2015 movie starring Will Smith. The decision to publish the famed Pentagon Papers in The Washington Post ultimately came before its publisher, Katharine Graham. 10% – To permit the people [of South Vietnam] to enjoy a better, freer way of life. However, the Post's reporters and its legal team clashed: The Washington Post Company was in the middle of its first public stock offering (to the tune of $35 million), and being charged with a criminal offense could jeopardize this. Take a look at the real-life events and people that inspired the Cold War movie starring Tom Hanks. The task force published 15 copies; the think tank RAND Corporation received two of the copies from Gelb, Morton Halperin and Paul Warnke, with access granted if at least two of the three approved. By early October, however, we may recommend such actions depending on GVN progress and Communist reaction in the meantime, especially to US naval patrols. Beginning in August 1963 we variously authorized, sanctioned and encouraged the coup efforts of the Vietnamese generals and offered full support for a successor government. Learn about the Jewish refugee whose painting of her aunt was stolen by Nazis and inspired the 2015 movie starring Helen Mirren. The Pentagon Papers. However, in 2016, The Washington Post published an anti-Bernie Sanders editorial Bernie Sanderss fiction-filled campaign that the New Republic called an embarrassment. "[31] The government appealed that decision, and on June 26 the Supreme Court agreed to hear it jointly with The New York Times case. [35] The most damaging revelations in the papers revealed that four administrations (Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson) had misled the public regarding their intentions. Thomas Tedford and Dale Herbeck summarized the reaction of editors and journalists at the time: As the press rooms of the Times and the Post began to hum to the lifting of the censorship order, the journalists of America pondered with grave concern the fact that for fifteen days the 'free press' of the nation had been prevented from publishing an important document and for their troubles had been given an inconclusive and uninspiring 'burden-of-proof' decision by a sharply divided Supreme Court. Ellsberg approached Nixon's National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger, Senators William Fulbright and George McGovern, and others, but none were interested.[11]. The Washington Post e-Replica is available to you at home or at work, and is the same edition as the printed copy available at the newsstand. The John F. Kennedy administration knew of plans to overthrow South Vietnamese leader Ngo Dinh Diem before his death in a November 1963 coup. Counterinsurgency: The Kennedy Commitments and Programs, 1961", National Archives and Records Administration, "The Pentagon Papers, Vol. The front page of the June 18, 1971, Post and one of the first Pentagon Papers-based articles published by The Washington Post, “Documents Reveal U.S. Effort in ’54 to Delay Viet Election,” may be read to see how the report’s contents were used. Often referred to as the “Pentagon Papers” case, the landmark Supreme Court decision in New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 (1971), defended the First Amendment right of free press against prior restraint by the government.. McNamara commissioned a secret Vietnam War study. [10], On May 4, 2011, the National Archives and Records Administration announced that the papers would be declassified and released to the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda, California, on June 13, 2011. Daniel Ellsberg knew the leaders of the task force well. To ensure the possibility of public debate about the papers' content, on June 29, US Senator Mike Gravel, an Alaska Democrat, entered 4,100 pages of the papers into the record of his Subcommittee on Public Buildings and Grounds. McNaughton, "Observations About South Vietnam After Khanh's 'Re-Coup'"", "Draft Memorandum From Secretary of Defense McNamara to President Johnson", "Evolution of the War. In October we cut off aid to Diem in a direct rebuff, giving a green light to the generals. Learn about the real inspiration behind the 2017 movie about the Pentagon Papers. According to McNamara, the Chinese were conspiring to "organize all of Asia" against the United States: China—like Germany in 1917, like Germany in the West and Japan in the East in the late 30s, and like the USSR in 1947—looms as a major power threatening to undercut our importance and effectiveness in the world and, more remotely but more menacingly, to organize all of Asia against us.[17]. In 1967 then Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara commissioned a secret government study on … January 22, 2018. Graham had surprised many by moving him from the newsmagazine Newsweek, but the pick had been a good one, as he’d improved the quality of the paper and its newsroom. Here is … Photo Credit: Niko Tavernise/Twentieth Century Fox. She’d overcome doubts and gained confidence in her position — enough to take the title of publisher in 1969 — but she’d never faced a choice like this one. Gravel asked the court (in Gravel v. United States) to quash the subpoena on the basis of the Speech or Debate Clause in Article I, Section 6 of the United States Constitution. [11][13], Although President Johnson stated that the aim of the Vietnam War was to secure an "independent, non-Communist South Vietnam", a January 1965 memorandum by Assistant Secretary of Defense John McNaughton stated that an underlying justification was "not to help friend, but to contain China".[14][15][16]. The new Pentagon Papers describe explicit and sustained efforts by the US government to deliberately mislead the public.”. Battle to raise awareness about CTE is the first Washington Post article about the real behind! Let ’ s go Kennedy Commitments and Programs, 1961 '', National Archives and Records administration, `` washington post pentagon papers original article... Of National security, in the immediate future while the GVN is still to! About five percent of the circumstances of this case. a New case published! 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